Arthritis, the world’s leading disabling disease, is known as the “cancer that never dies.”
In order to arouse the attention of the community, the World Health Organization will be on October 12 every year as the “World Arthritis Day”, aimed at reminding people, arthritis to early prevention, early diagnosis, early treatment, to prevent disability.
What is knee osteoarthritis?
The knee joint is mainly composed of the femoral neck bone and patella. Under normal circumstances, the end of the human knee joint will be covered with a layer of articular cartilage, which is smooth and has a certain thickness, and can play an important role in shock absorption and friction reduction.
When cartilage is worn away, for example, it causes friction between the bones.
At this time, a series of symptoms, such as pain, claudication.
It’s called osteoarthritis of the knee.
How did it find you?
(1) the wear of time
From child to child, whether you kick, crawl, or jump, your knees are working for you.
Frequent wear and tear will reduce the life of the knee joint. Once the wear and tear is excessive, there is no way to recover.
(2) Constant weight gain
“Money is hard to buy old to thin”, knee joint is the main weight-bearing joint of the human body, with the improvement of living standards, people’s weight is also on the rise.
This undoubtedly increases the load on the knee joint.
(3) the neglect of thermal work
Warm work is instilled from childhood, but now people for the sake of beauty and neglect this point, in fact, after a long cold joint, it will cause vasoconstriction resulting in joint stiffness and pain aggravation.
(4) Excessive movement
Life lies in movement, but excessive and improper movement is actually detrimental to the knee joint.
How to judge to get knee joint osteoarthritis?
The clinician usually makes a clinical diagnosis and determines the stage of osteoarthritis of the knee based on the history, symptoms, signs, laboratory indicators, and the results of X-ray, CT, MRI, and arthroscopic exploration/biopsy.
Osteoarthritis of the knee,
Should I move or should I be quiet?
In the case of osteoarthritis of the knee, it is best to reduce activity as much as possible.
But patients with knee osteoarthritis often have the phenomenon of muscle atrophy, once the muscle strength is reduced, it will further aggravate the degree of knee osteoarthritis.
We should move, but the premise is non-acute phase, that is, severe pain, even swelling, except for the situation, we should use no weight bearing or low weight bearing knee function exercise, such as: sitting leg extension, lying leg lift and so on.
The thing to remember is to increase your exercise while reducing your weight.
No matter what part of the body is wrong, it is not what we expect, the only thing we can do is to protect them, always pay attention to their own physical conditions, timely treatment.

A research team led by scientists at the University of Texas at Austin has developed chemical “probes” to help identify an enzyme produced by certain types of E. coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae that is known to break down several common types of antibiotics, making the bacteria dangerous resistant to treatment.

“In response to antibiotic treatment, bacteria have evolved various mechanisms to resist that treatment, and one of those mechanisms is to make enzymes that basically ‘chew up’ the antibiotic before it can do its job,” said Emily Que, an associate professor of chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin and one of the team’s lead researchers.
The tool we developed gives us critical information that can keep us one step ahead of the deadly bacteria.”

In a paper published online May 26 in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, researchers focused on the threat posed by a bacterial enzyme called New Delhi metal-beta-lactamase (NDM).
They set out to create a molecule that glows when it comes in contact with the NDM enzyme.
When these chemical “probes” are added to a test tube, they bind to enzymes and glow.
Such tools could be used to alert doctors to what bacterial threats are affecting their patients and to tell them which antibiotics to use.

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NDM breaks down antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins and carbapenems, which are some of the safest and most effective treatments for bacterial infections.
Other classes of antibiotics also exist, but they may have more side effects, have more drug interactions, and may not be as readily available in some parts of the world.

 
In addition to showing the presence of the NDM enzyme, fluorescence chemistry “probes” developed by Que and Walt Fast (Professor of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry) may help to find a different approach to combat these resistant bacteria.
One treatment that doctors use against resistant bacteria is a combination of a common antibiotic and an inhibitor.
Although there are currently no known clinically effective inhibitors against NDM producing bacteria, Que’s probe can help find one.

Once the probe binds to the enzyme and starts to glow, if an effective inhibitor is introduced, it will loosen the “probe” and the glow will stop.
This allows scientists to test a large number of potential drugs very quickly — a research that Que and FAST hope to continue in the future.

“This allows us to work towards developing treatments and ultimately to understand the evolutionary characteristics of this protein,” said Radhika Mehta, a PhD graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin and lead author of the paper.
Mehta is currently a postdoctoral fellow in the Mawson Lab at the University of California, Berkeley.

The study also looked at a process called vegetative immunity, which comes from the production of proteins in the body in response to infection.
These proteins rob the body of all available metals, such as zinc, needed to make NDM, making the bacteria more vulnerable.

“The evolution of this bacterium since it was discovered in 2008 suggests that it is not only developing antibiotic resistance, but also trying to fight this natural human immune process.
It was particularly scary, “Que said.

The “probe” developed by Que can also be used to study nutritional immunity and NDM because it only glow-up when the zinc needed to form enzymes is present.

When it comes to osteoporosis, many people will associate it with the elderly. It is true that osteoporosis mostly occurs in people over 50 years old, but with the development of economy and society, osteoporosis tends to develop at a young age, and more and more young people will suffer from osteoporosis to different degrees.
It can be seen that osteoporosis will become a popular disease, so the prevention of osteoporosis is urgent.

Real examples:

Ms. Zhu, who just turned 35 years old this year, is a designer of an advertising company. As the company belongs to Party B, Ms. Zhu suffers from double pressure. Not only does the leader of the company put pressure on her assessment, but the company connected with Party A also puts pressure on her work.
Busy all day dizzy, stay up late to work overtime has become a common, in order to work in the daytime have spirit, a day almost to drink 4 cups of coffee to refresh.
Ms. Zhu has been working in such a high-intensity and high-pressure environment for nearly four years. Although her ability has been greatly improved, her body is exhausted.

Some time ago, Ms. Zhu felt a pain in the waist, especially the pain will be increased by sitting for a long time, feel tired to the hospital to take painkillers, then eat still work, but after a period of time and pain;
Not long ago, Ms. Zhu on the way home from work, accidentally stepped on a step, directly fell to the ground, the waist to break, sitting on the ground ouch ouch ouch call, passers-by sent her to the hospital, examination found that Ms. Zhu’s twelfth and thirteenth ribs fracture;
After a detailed examination, it turned out that the fracture was caused by osteoporosis.

When Ms. Zhu heard the word osteoporosis, she was very surprised. How could I suffer from osteoporosis when I was so young?
The doctor is also a little puzzled, later the doctor through understanding, inquiry just know, originally with zhu Ms. Usually bad diet habit and lifestyle have a relationship.

A 35-year-old woman suffered a sudden fracture and was diagnosed with osteoporosis. Osteopath: 3 daily habits may be related

1. Too much coffee

Coffee contains caffeine, and caffeine will increase diuresis, urine in the excretion process will increase the excretion of calcium, when calcium can not meet the bone needs, so it will lead to osteopenia, bone microstructure is also damaged, and in the long run, will induce osteoporosis.

Ms Zhu drinks at least four cups of coffee a day, which is far more than the national limit. Besides, Ms Zhu works too hard, which could lead to osteoporosis.

2. Lack of weight-bearing exercise

With the development of economic society and the acceleration of the pace of life, many people are more sitting in the office, the pressure and intensity of work, resulting in they can not afford to walk, almost little exercise;
When people lack a certain weight-bearing exercise, it will lead to bone reduction, and it is not conducive to bone calcium precipitation and absorption, and increase bone loss, so it will induce osteoporosis.

Ms. Zhu’s daily life is a two-point line, the company and home, work rarely get up to do some activities, always staring at the computer work, home after work tired paralysis in bed, such a lifestyle is not conducive to the growth and development of bones.

3. Stay out of the sun

Ultraviolet light from the sun is the skin contact, synthesis of vitamin D, which can promote the absorption of calcium, vitamin D for bone formation, but now people are away for the sun, afraid of being uv black, sunburn, aging, and there are some people in stay indoors all day, rarely have the opportunity to contact with sunshine, so vitamin D reduce relatively,
Therefore, the utilization of calcium will be reduced, which is not conducive to bone growth.

Ms. Zhu rarely had the opportunity to take it outside during the day, plus her usual poor diet and vitamin D supplements.

It is the above three kinds of bad lifestyle and diet habits, led to Zhu’s young age induced osteoporosis, and also complicated with a more harmful fracture.

Osteoporosis is preventable and treatable. There are two things you can do to prevent and improve osteoporosis

First, tonic food — psoralein

At present, many patients with osteoporosis in the treatment, most did not find the correct way to maintain bone, think that osteoporosis will be caused by calcium deficiency, usually eat calcium tablets and drink bone soup can be, in fact, this approach is far from the effect of Pangu bone;
Therefore, in order to better stabilize bone and prevent osteoporosis, it is suggested that we can supplement some psoralein on a daily basis. This substance is a dietary nutrient for bone, which can promote the precipitation and absorption of bone calcium, assist the normal growth of bone and delay the rapid loss of bone.

This is mainly due to the fact that psoraletin contains a variety of nutrients, namely psoraletin, chondroitin sulfate, Eucommia ulmoides leaf and Epimedium, which interact and cooperate with each other to have multiple effects on the body and bone as follows:

(1) Liver and kidney tonify, strengthen muscles and bones, and effectively promote blood activity, and pure Chinese medicine preparation, safe and effective.

(2) It has the function of treating both the symptoms and root causes. It can supplement calcium and phosphorus at the same time to maintain the balanced development of calcium and phosphorus and promote bone health, aiming at the loss of calcium and phosphorus caused by osteoporosis.

(3) Psoralein also has a relieving effect on fractures, bone pain and arthritis, and has the effect of removing blood stasis and relieving pain.

(4) in the treatment of osteoporosis, but also anti-bacterial anti-inflammatory, improve the body immunity.

Second, strengthen exercise

The risk of osteoporosis is higher for those who are sedentary and do not exercise.
Adhere to the exercise helps to exercise the muscles and bones, strong body, secondly can also enhance the bone, to avoid falling fracture.

I believe that many Bao Bao parents have such experience, children because of bacterial infection to the hospital after antibiotic treatment, some babies take antibiotics after a period of time will appear diarrhea and other symptoms, then if the exclusion of food or other external reasons, Bao Bao parents need to be alert to antibiotic-related diarrhea.
Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea (ADD) is refers to after the use of antibiotics can not be explained by other reasons for Diarrhea, is the most common adverse reaction of antibiotics, especially in children, 10% of children will have Diarrhea after taking antibiotics,
The incidence is up to 18 percent in children under 2 years of age.
Figure 1 The incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children
What are the specific causes of ADD
At present, the etiology and specific pathogenesis of ADD have not been clearly studied, which is usually believed to be related to intestinal flora disorder.
Under normal circumstances, probiotics and opportunistic pathogens in the human gut are in a balanced state. Probiotics can improve the intestinal environment, regulate the intestinal flora, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and also help with normal digestion and absorption.
Contingent pathogens are too few in number to cause disease.
After the use of antibiotics, on the one hand, the number of probiotics is significantly reduced, and the digestion and absorption function supported by the probiotics is impaired, resulting in insufficient metabolism of some sugars, which stay in the intestines, increase osmotic pressure and change pH value, and stimulate the increase of substances secreted by the intestines, leading to diarrhea.
On the other hand, antibiotics disrupt the balance of flora, allowing opportunistic pathogens, such as Clostridium difficile, to flourish, leading to intestinal inflammation and diarrhea.
Because the bacterium is well studied, ADD is sometimes referred to specifically as diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile.
Of course, there are also studies that the allergic reaction and toxic effect caused by antibiotics can directly cause intestinal mucosa damage, leading to absorptive diarrhea;
Some antibiotics, such as erythromycin, can stimulate the contraction of the gastric antrum and duodenum, causing symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting.
Common antibiotics that cause ADD
In general, broad-spectrum antibiotics are more likely to induce ADD than narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
It has been reported that the incidence of ADD caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics is 10-70 times that of narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
The most common include: lincomycin, second and third generation cephalosporins, broad-spectrum penicillins (amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate);
Less relevant ones include first-generation cephalosporins, other penicillins, macrolides;
Few associated drugs include aminoglycosides, rifampicin, and sulfonamides.
Current treatments

1. Antibiotics
   Discontinuation and adjustment of antibiotics are recommended.
   For most ADD, stopping the use of antibiotics is effective, even if Clostridium difficile infection, some patients only stopping the use of antibiotics is effective.
   Therefore, for all ADD patients, if it does not affect the recovery of the primary disease, antibiotics should be considered to stop immediately.
   In clinical practice, if it is mild to moderate diarrhea that does not lead to abdominal pain, dehydration and other problems of the child, there is no need to stop using antibiotics temporarily, or to use the full course of treatment;
   In general, diarrhea can be relieved automatically a few days after the antibiotics are stopped after the full course of treatment.
   If during the course of antibiotic treatment, diarrhea gradually gets worse, or the symptoms are serious, such as fever, obvious abdominal pain, bloody stool, dehydration or even shock, antibiotics should be stopped immediately and corresponding symptomatic treatment should be given.
   2, supplement probiotics
   Probiotic supplements are recommended to restore the balance of normal intestinal flora.
   At present, it is believed that probiotics may have a moderate protective effect on the prevention of ADD and can shorten the duration of diarrhea by 1 day.
   There are no specific recommendations for specific strains, preparations and dosages. Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Saccharomyces braglii are commonly used in clinical practice, with a daily frequency of 10-20 billion CFUs.